Saturday, July 30, 2022
Why Andrew Yang’s New Third Party Is Bound to Fail - Jamelle Bouie The New York Times
The independent state legislature doctrine could reverse 200 years of progress and take power away from the people
In a case to be heard in the coming months, the U.S. Supreme Court could decide that state legislatures have control over congressional elections, including the ability to draw voting districts for partisan political advantage, unconstrained by state law or state constitutions.
At issue is a legal theory called the “independent state legislature doctrine,” which is posed through the court’s consideration of a dispute over gerrymandered North Carolina congressional districts. In early 2022, North Carolina state courts found the legislature violated the state constitution when it drew gerrymandered congressional districts favoring Republicans. The legislature has claimed that the U.S. Constitution gives it authority, unfettered by state courts’ interpretation of the state constitution or laws, to regulate congressional elections, and is asking the Supreme Court to agree.
If the court agrees, it could free state legislatures to take power away from voters – “We the People” in constitutional parlance – and reverse a two-century trend toward expanding the power of the people in congressional elections.
Some election and constitutional law analysts have already suggested that state legislatures may have similar power over presidential elections. The U.S. Constitution allows state legislatures to determine how a state chooses its presidential electors, arguably leaving the legislature free to choose presidential electors on their own without a popular election.
Life and Afterlife in the Steel Seizure Case by Matthew J. Steilen :: SSRN
Life and Afterlife in the Steel Seizure Case
Buffalo Law Review Vol. 70 (2022), 875-911
University at Buffalo School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2021-011
38 Pages Posted: 12 Mar 2022 Last revised: 8 Jun 2022
Matthew J. Steilen
State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Law School
Date Written: April 1, 2022
Abstract
This Essay examines the proper role of the Supreme Court in deciding disputes between Congress and the President. Progressive commentators are now urging the Court to dismiss these cases as political questions, at least where doing so would give effect to congressional regulations of the President. The Court’s interference is criticized as anti-democratic. This Essay advances a different conception of the Supreme Court’s role by examining the famous Steel Seizure Case. In that case, the Court upheld an injunction barring President Truman from seizing the nation’s steel mills, on grounds that doing so was inconsistent with congressional will and without any basis in the President’s independent constitutional authority. The subsequent embrace of Justice Jackson’s concurrence shows how Supreme Court decisions can have an effect outside the immediate confines or “life” of a case. In its “afterlife”—its use by members of Congress, officers and employees in the executive branch, and legal educators and other members of the public—Jackson’s concurrence has acquired a kind of democratic authority. In Congress, for example, it was quoted in legislative debates preceding the passage of the War Powers Resolution, the National Emergencies Act, and the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, among other statutes. Justice Jackson’s broad, theoretical language and flexible framework proved useful to legislators seeking to regulate the President. By constructing his concurrence this way, Jackson helped to give it a central place in structuring the political maintenance of our Constitution’s separation of powers.
Keywords: Youngstown, Steel Seizure, Jackson concurrence, Watergate, War Powers Resolution, National Emergencies Act
Suggested Citation:
The Imperial Supreme Court by Mark A. Lemley :: SSRN
The least dangerous branch of the American government is the most extraordinarily powerful court of law the world has ever known. The power which distinguishes the Supreme Court of the United States is that of constitutional review of actions of the other branches of government, federal and state. Curiously enough, this power of judicial review, as it is called, does not derive from any explicit constitutional command. The authority to determine the meaning and application of a written constitution is nowhere defined or even mentioned in the document itself.
Exercising that power the Supreme Court's conservative super-majority has in recent months reverse the fifty year old implication of a private `substantive due process' right to terminate a pregnancy before viability, obstructed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration from protecting workers from the new pathogen by compelling large employers to vaccinate or frequently test for the pathogen, voided a Department of Health and Human Services eviction moratorium designed to prevent homelessness during the height of the pandemic; and, under the guise of leaving law-making to lawmakers, before a policy is even in place, in West Virginia v EPA blocked the EPA from compelling power plants to help move us to solar power.
Much of this was carried out in the name to the recently minted Major Questions Doctrine which, posing as a rule of construction, is actually a substantive limitation on the power of the Congress to legislate. The danger that Bickel feared was that of Brown v. Board of Education - voiding state laws mandating racial discrimination in public education. But rather than restraint, today's conservatives sweep widely. Sometime the sin is excessive legislative generality (DHHS/Surgeon General, OSHA] other time it is the expansive interpretation of a power grant as in its transformation of the Second Amendment from an antique to powerhouse sweeping under century old limitations on New York's limitations on who may have a permit for a handgun.
Like Georgetown's Josh Chafetz who warned of "judicial aggrandizement" Berkeley IP professor Mark Lemley has seen enough to warn of the Imperial Court.
- GWC
Mark A. Lemley
Stanford Law School
Date Written: July 28, 2022
Abstract
The past two years have marked the emergence of the imperial Supreme Court. Armed with a new, nearly bulletproof majority, conservative justices on the Court embarked on a radical restructuring of American law across a range of fields and disciplines. Unlike previous shifts in the Court, this one isn’t marked by debates over federal versus state power, or Congressional versus judicial power, or judicial activism versus restraint. Nor is it marked by the triumph of one form of constitutional interpretation over another. On each of those axes, the Court’s recent opinions point in radically different directions. The Court has taken significant, simultaneous steps to restrict the power of Congress, the administrative state, the states, and the lower federal courts. And it has done so using a variety of (often contradictory) interpretative methodologies. The common denominator across multiple opinions in the last two years is that they concentrate power in one place: the Supreme Court.
My goal in this essay is not to criticize these decisions on the merits, though there is much to criticize; lots of others will do that. Nor do I aim simply to make the legal realist point that the Justices will do what they want in the cases before them, though the last few terms provide ample evidence for that claim too. Rather, my argument is that the Court has begun to implement the policy preferences of its conservative majority in a new and troubling way: by simultaneously stripping power from every political entity except the Supreme Court itself. The Court of late gets its way not by giving power to an entity whose political predilections are aligned with the Justices’ own, but by undercutting the ability of any entity to do something the Justices don’t like. We are in the era of the imperial Supreme Court.
Suggested Citation:
Tuesday, July 26, 2022
Justice Dept. Asking Witnesses About Trump in Its Jan. 6 Investigation - The New York Times
Justice Dept. Asking Witnesses About Trump in Its Jan. 6 Investigation
Federal prosecutors sought information about the former president’s role in the efforts to overturn the election as the inquiry accelerates.
By Maggie Haberman and Glenn Thrush
...If a decision were made to open a criminal investigation into Mr. Trump after he announced his intention to run in the 2024 election, as he continues to hint he might do, the department’s leadership would be required to undertake a formal consultation process, then sign a formal approval of the department’s intentions under an internal rule created by former Attorney General William P. Barr and endorsed by Mr. Garland.
But in recent days, Mr. Garland has repeatedly asserted his right to investigate or prosecute anybody, including Mr. Trump, provided that is where the evidence leads.
“The Justice Department has from the beginning been moving urgently to learn everything we can about this period, and to bring to justice everybody who was criminally responsible for interfering with the peaceful transfer of power from one administration to another, which is the fundamental element of our democracy,” Mr. Garland told “NBC Nightly News” in an interview broadcast on Tuesday, when asked to comment on criticism that his investigation was moving too slowly.
The questions about Mr. Trump focused on, among other topics, the plan he was pushing to derail congressional certification of Mr. Biden’s Electoral College victory on Jan. 6, 2021, the person familiar with the testimony said.
The two Pence aides who testified to the grand jury — Marc Short, who was his chief of staff, and Greg Jacob, who was his counsel — were present at an Oval Office meeting on Jan. 4, 2021, when Mr. Trump sought to pressure Mr. Pence into embracing the plan to cite the competing slates of electors as justification to block or delay the Electoral College certification.
In recent weeks, the Justice Department also seized phones from two key figures, John Eastman, the lawyer who helped develop and promote the plan to upend the Electoral College certification, and Jeffrey Clark, a former Justice Department official who was at the center of the related push to send the slates of electors pledged to Mr. Trump from states Mr. Biden won.
Prosecutors have also issued grand jury subpoenas to figures connected to the so-called fake electors scheme. Those who have received the subpoenas have largely been state lawmakers or Republican officials, many of whom put their names on documents attesting to the fact that they were electors for Mr. Trump from states that were won by Mr. Biden.
The subpoenas, some of which have been obtained by The New York Times, show that prosecutors are interested in collecting information on a group of pro-Trump lawyers who helped to devise and carry out the plan, including Mr. Eastman and Rudolph W. Giuliani, who was Mr. Trump’s personal lawyer.
How the Federalist Society Won | The New Yorker
Monday, July 25, 2022
EricSegall: Expected Applications, the Second Amendment, and Why Real Originalism is Either Intolerable or Impossible // Dorf on Law:
Last week at the Law & Liberty blog, Professor John McGinnis, a self-proclaimed originalist, was quite giddy about the Court's Second Amendment opinion in New York Pistol & Rifle Association v. Bruen striking down a New York law requiring a special permit to conceal carry a handgun. His essay, titled "Bruen's Originalism," takes away three main points from the case:
Leaving aside the obvious point that the Court's
historical analysis was an after-the-fact cobbled-together rationale for a
result reached on other grounds, I want to focus this post on McGinnis' first
point about "expected applications.” If McGinnis is descriptively
right, his analysis goes a long way to showing why true originalism is either
intolerable or impossible.
McGinnis concedes that there is an
intramural debate among academic originalists concerning "expected
applications." He says the following:
One of the
controversial issues in originalist theory is the use of “expected
applications.” Expected applications are instances of how those around the time
of enactment thought the provisions or provisions with similar language would
be applied. Some originalists, like Jack Balkin, reject expected applications
even as evidence of what the Constitution means, preferring to interpret the
text as enacted, unmediated by the applications surrounding the era of
enactment. In contrast, Mike Rappaport and I believe that the expected
applications are often good evidence—sometimes the best evidence—of what the
text actually meant....Thomas clearly embraces expected applications.
I don't think this
really captures Balkin's position but it does accurately state the opposition
to strong reliance on expected applications by most New Originalists, including
Professor Larry Solum. For example, in trying to justify why the 14th Amendment
protects against gender discrimination today, given that we know that was not
the original expectations of those who wrote and ratified the Amendment, Solum
has said the following:
[I]n Bradwell v. Illinois, the Supreme Court
upheld Myra Bradwell’s exclusion from the Illinois bar on the basis of gender.
. . . Bradwell could have been understood as consistent with
the [Privileges or Immunities Clause] by Justices who believed that women were
intellectually incapable of functioning as competent lawyers. The opposite
result would be required [today] given true beliefs about women’s intellectual
capacities. Fixed original public meaning can give rise to different
outcomes given changing beliefs about facts. The Constraint Principle
does not require constitutional actors to adhere to false factual beliefs held
by the drafters, Framers, ratifiers, or the public.
I doubt McGinnis would agree that known expected
applications of imprecise language can be waved away by later judges just
because of "changing beliefs about facts." That is why, I
think, McGinnis believes there is disagreement among originalists about how
binding expected applications actually are on judges. Solum's approach, as I've
written many times before, is indistinguishable from living or common law
constitutionalism (see below). I don't think McGinnis is a living
constitutionalist.
Five other Justices joined Thomas' opinion. Let's assume
McGinnis is right and the expected applications of those who ratified and voted
for constitutional text provide very strong evidence of what the words
originally meant, and judges should follow that evidence. What would that
approach, faithfully applied, mean for constitutional law. Hold on to your
seats.
US Democracy Under Concerted Attack by George Soros - Project Syndicate
The American
public has been alarmed and aroused by the US Supreme Court's growing
extremism. But voters need to recognize the Court's radical majority for what
it is: part of a carefully laid plan to turn the US into a repressive regime.
NEW YORK – The United States has
been a constantly evolving democracy ever since it was founded in 1776, but its
survival as a democracy is now gravely endangered. A set of loosely
interconnected developments at home and abroad is responsible for this crisis.
From abroad, the US is threatened
by repressive regimes led by Xi Jinping in China and Vladimir Putin’s Russia
who want to impose an autocratic form of government on the world.
But the threat to the US from the
domestic enemies of democracy is even greater. They include the current Supreme
Court, which is dominated by far-right extremists, and Donald Trump’s
Republican Party, which placed those extremists on the Court.1
What qualifies the majority of
the Court as extremists? It is not merely their decision to overturn Roe
v. Wade, the landmark 1973 case that recognized a woman’s right to choose
whether to give birth. What qualifies them as extremists is the arguments they
used to justify their decision and the indications they gave of how far they
might be willing to go in carrying out those arguments.
Justice Samuel Alito, the author
of the majority opinion, based his ruling on the assertion that the Fourteenth
Amendment protects only those rights that were generally recognized in 1868,
when the amendment was ratified. But this argument endangers many other rights
that have been recognized since then, among them the right to contraception,
same-sex marriage, and LGBTQ rights.
Carried to its logical
conclusion, this line of reasoning could even allow states to ban inter-racial
marriage, as some did until 1967.
It is also clear that this Court intends to mount a frontal attack on the
executive branch. One of the most consequential rulings of the Court’s
just-completed term denied the Environmental Protection Agency the authority
to issue regulations needed to combat climate change.
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our new, enhanced subscription tier and enjoy unprecedented access to
everything Project Syndicate has to offer.
It doesn’t take long to find the
common denominator in the Court’s recent decisions: support causes promoted by
Trump’s Republican Party and weaken or outlaw causes favored by the Democratic
Party. Consider gun laws. The Court’s radical wing listens closely to the
pro-gun lobby. So, though a recent epidemic of mass shootings created such a
national outcry that even some Republicans supported a new federal gun law, the
Court compensated the National Rifle Association for the loss by striking down a longstanding New York law that placed
strict restrictions on carrying concealed handguns (New York State immediately
passed new gun laws, that are likely to end up before the Supreme Court).
The Supreme Court used to be
among the most highly respected institutions in the US. Through its recent
decisions, the extremist majority has driven its approval rating to a historic low, and disapproval of the
Court to new highs. The dissenting opinion in the case that overturned Roe flatly
stated that the majority decision “undermines the court’s legitimacy.”
Unfortunately, the minority is likely to remain in the minority for a long
time, because the extremists are younger and hold a 6-3 majority.
There is only one way to rein in
the Supreme Court: throw the Republican Party out of office in a landslide.
That would allow Congress to protect through legislation the rights that had
been entrusted to the protection of the Supreme Court. It is now clear that
doing so was a big mistake. Congress must act, starting with protecting a
woman’s right to choose. If the filibuster must be amended to achieve that, so
be it.
But when it comes to organizing a
landslide victory against the radicalized Republicans, opponents face almost
insuperable obstacles. Republicans have not only stacked the Supreme Court and
many lower courts with extremist judges. In states such as Florida, Georgia,
and Texas, they have enacted a raft of laws that make voting very difficult.
While these laws focus on
disenfranchising African Americans, other minorities, and young voters
generally, their ultimate goal is to help Republicans win elections. As a
Florida federal judge recently wrote in striking down one of these laws, they were enacted “with the
intent to restructure Florida’s election system in ways that favor the
Republican Party over the Democratic Party.”
These laws would be bad enough if
they only targeted who can vote. But Republicans are now going even further, by
attacking the vote-counting and election-certification process. From changing
the law to make subversion of the electoral system easier, to recruiting
believers in Trump’s big lie that the 2020 election was stolen from him to
oversee the process, we are watching Republicans attack our system of democracy
from every angle. And here, too, the radical Supreme Court has done its part,
gutting the federal Voting Rights Act and allowing naked partisan redistricting
to weaken minority voting power.1
Fortunately, I am not alone in
claiming that the survival of democracy in the US is gravely endangered. The
American public has been aroused by the decision overturning Roe.
But people need to recognize that decision for what it is: part of a carefully
laid plan to turn the US into a repressive regime, particularly targeting women
regardless of the devastating consequences.
We must do everything we can to
prevent that. This fight ought to include many people who voted for Trump in
the past. I am a supporter of the Democratic Party, but this is not a partisan
issue. It is about reestablishing a functioning two-party political system
which is at the core of American democracy.
Writing for PS since 1997
122 Commentaries
George Soros is Chairman of Soros Fund
Management and the Open Society Foundations. A pioneer of the hedge-fund
industry, he is the author of many books, including The Alchemy of Finance, The New Paradigm
for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What it Means,
and The Tragedy of the
European Union: Disintegration or Revival? His most recent
book is In Defense of Open Society (Public
Affairs, 2019).
How the Federalist Society Won | The New Yorker
A few minutes before Roe v. Wade was overturned, Sherif Girgis sat in his office at Notre Dame Law School, desperately clicking refresh on the Supreme Court’s Web site. Girgis had been looking forward to this precise moment for months. He’d been gaming out the arguments for years, really.
Conservatives of an older generation, who suffered a Supreme Court betrayal in 1992—when a trifecta of Republican-appointed judges upheld the constitutional right to an abortion, in Planned Parenthood v. Casey—couldn’t believe that Roe would ever truly fall. But Girgis, who is thirty-six, came up in a different era. “I was in kindergarten when Casey was decided,” he said. Unlike his jaded elders, he believed that the Court would one day follow through on the simple, powerful idea that animates the conservative legal movement: that a judge’s job is not to make value judgments or to speculate about the potential consequences of his or her decisions but, rather, to decide cases by looking solely at how the Constitution was understood at the time it was written. This method of interpretation, called originalism, would inevitably lead to the end of Roe.
Sunday, July 24, 2022
Inside Trump '25: How former president could gut federal bureaucracy in second term - Jonathan Swan // Axios
President Donald Trump was attending the National Prayer Breakfast, but showing no sign of grace. Lips pursed, face alternating between anger and frustration, he lashed out at enemies who had brought him to the doors of impeachment. He brandished the day's newspapers, waving them above his head. The first headline: "ACQUITTED." The next: “Trump Acquitted." It was Feb. 6, 2020.
Close aides believed Trump had crossed a psychological line during his Senate trial. He now wanted to get even; he wanted to fire every single last "snake" inside his government. To activate the plan for revenge, Trump turned to a young take-no-prisoners loyalist with chutzpah: his former aide John McEntee.
By the end of that year, Trump also had a second tool in his armory, a secret weapon with the innocuous title, "Schedule F." The intention of this obscure legal instrument was to empower the president to wipe out employment protections for tens of thousands of civil servants across the federal government.
The mission for McEntee and the power of Schedule F dovetailed in the lead-up to the 2020 election as Trump planned (but lost) a second term and fumed over perceived foes.
If former President Trump runs again in 2024 and wins back the White House, people close to him say, he would turn to both levers again. It is Schedule F, combined with the willpower of top lieutenants like McEntee, that could bring Trump closer to his dream of gutting the federal bureaucracy and installing thousands devoted to him or his "America First" platform.
The reporting for this series draws on extensive interviews over a period of more than three months, with more than two dozen people close to the former president and others who have firsthand knowledge of the work underway to prepare for a potential second term. Most spoke on condition of anonymity to describe sensitive planning and avoid Trump’s ire.
Saturday, July 23, 2022
Judicial aggrandizement - SCOTUS lets stand bar on Biden’s immigration guidelines, Jackson's first dissent - sets case for argument this fall - SCOTUSblog
In her first vote, newly confirmed Associate Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson joined Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor to object to another Supreme Court attack on executive authority, another example of what Josh Chafetz calls "judicial aggrandizement". - GWC
CERTIORARI GRANTED 22-58 UNITED STATES, ET AL. V. TEXAS, ET AL. (22A17) The application for stay presented to Justice Alito and by him referred to the Court is denied. The Solicitor General suggested that the Court may want to construe the application as a petition for certiorari before judgment. Doing so, the petition is granted. The parties are directed to brief and argue the following questions: 1. Whether the state plaintiffs have Article III standing to challenge the Department of Homeland Security’s Guidelines for the Enforcement of Civil Immigration Law; 2. Whether the Guidelines are contrary to 8 U.S.C. §1226(c) or 8 U.S.C. §1231(a), or otherwise violate the Administrative Procedure Act; and 3. Whether 8 U.S.C. §1252(f)(1) prevents the entry of an order to “hold unlawful and set aside” the Guidelines under 5 U.S.C. §706(2). The case will be set for argument in the first week of the December 2022 argument session. Justice Sotomayor, Justice Kagan, Justice Barrett, and Justice Jackson would grant the application for stay.
The Supreme Court will again weigh the executive branch’s authority to set immigration policy as some red states claim that the Biden administration’s enforcement decisions are too lax. The justices on Thursday agreed to take up a challenge by Texas and Louisiana to a new federal policy that prioritizes certain groups of unauthorized immigrants for arrest and deportation. The justices will hear the case in late November without waiting for a federal appeals court to weigh in.
The justices left in place a district-court ruling striking down the policy, which means that the Biden administration cannot implement it while it waits for the Supreme Court to hear argument and issue a decision.
In a 5-4 vote, the justices rejected the administration’s request to put the district court’s ruling on hold and allow the administration to implement the policy while litigation proceeds. Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, Amy Coney Barrett, and Ketanji Brown Jackson indicated that they would have granted the request. It was the first recorded vote for Jackson, who was sworn in as the court’s newest justice on June 30 to succeed the now-retired Justice Stephen Breyer.
The policy at the center of the dispute is outlined in a September 2021 memorandum by Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas on the federal government’s priorities for immigration enforcement. Explaining that there are over 11 million noncitizens currently in the United States who could be subject to deportation, but that the Department of Homeland Security does not have the resources to apprehend and deport all of them, the memorandum instructed immigration officials to prioritize the apprehension and deportation of three groups of noncitizens: suspected terrorists, people who have committed serious crimes, and those caught at the border.
Friday, July 22, 2022
Prayer in Schools: Supreme Court Ruling on Football Coach Upends Precedent | Teen Vogue
When thinking about where to pray, a football field is probably not the first place that comes to mind. But recently, the Supreme Court expanded the opportunity for public school employees to legally lead students in prayer. And it all started after a coach prayed on the 50-yard line after a game.
On June 27, the Supreme Court issued a 6-3 majority opinion in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District determining that Joseph Kennedy, a former Washington State public high school football coach, had the right to pray on the field. In October 2015, Kennedy was placed on administrative leave for repeatedly praying after football games. As CBS reported, Kennedy then sued the school district for violating his constitutional rights to free speech and the free exercise clause.
The Supreme Court ultimately ruled in Kennedy’s favor, with Justice Neil Gorsuch writing in the majority opinion that “respect for religious expressions is indispensable to life in a free and diverse republic.” The majority agreed with Kennedy’s claim that because the prayer happened after the game had ended, he was acting in a private capacity rather than in his public position as a school coach. Unsurprisingly, many were upset by the Court’s decision. In her dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor called the Court’s opinion “misguided” and said it does a “disservice to schools.”
“This is going to lead to much more prayer in public schools,” Micah Schwartzman, Hardy Cross Dillard professor of law at the University of Virginia School of Law, tells Teen Vogue.